Credits, Sources & References
The NAHC Digital Atlas was built by the California Department of Parks and Recreation on behalf of the California Native American Heritage Commission.
The Atlas was made possible in part by a generous cy pres grant from the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Antitrust Lawsuit settlement, administered by the California Department of Justice. For more information, see http://www.dramclaims.com.
Atlas team:
Julia Lewandoski—Historian
Heidi Lucero (Acjachemen & Mutsun Ohlone)—Native American Studies Specialist
Benjamin Madley—Advisor
Jason MacCannell—Director
Eve McGlynn—Geographer
Kaylee Pinola (Kashia Pomo)—Anthropologist
SOURCES:
Cultural Base Map:
Native American Heritage Commission, California. 2015 Directory of Tribal Governments. (NAHC2015)
Natural Resources:
Kent Lightfoot and Otis Parrish, California Indians and Their Environment. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2009. (LP2009) Used with author’s permission.
Historical Lakes & Wetlands:
United States Department of the Interior, General Land Office. Map of Public Surveys in California and Nevada to accompany Report of Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1866.
Estimated Population in 1769:
Cook, Sherburne F. The Population of the California Indians 1769-1970. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
Trails & Trade Relationships:
Davis, James T. “Trade Routes and Economic Exchange Among the Indians of California.” University of California Archeological Survey No. 54, 1961. University of California, Berkeley Library: http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/proof/pdfs/ucas054-001.pdf (JTD1961)
Missions:
ESRI AP Human Geography GeoInquiry Data.
Spanish & Mexican Land Grants:
Burgess McK. Shumway, California Ranchos: Second Edition. San Bernardino: The Borgo Press, 2007.
United States Department of the Interior, General Land Office. Map of Public Surveys in California and Nevada to accompany Report of Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1866.
Treaty Lands:
W. Powell, Director. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1896-’97. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.
Original treaty images downloaded from California Indian History, http://www.calindianhistory.org
Transcript of treaties in Robert F. Heizer, “The Eighteen Unratified Treaties Between the California Indians and the United States Government.” Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. University of California, Berkeley Library: https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arfs003-001.pdf
Bounty Lands:
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. General Land Office Records. https://glorecords.blm.gov
Reservations & Allotments:
USBIA Branch of Geospatial Support, American Indian and Alaska Native Land Area Representation (AIAN-LAR).
https://biamaps.doi.gov/bogs/datadownload.html
An American Genocide:
Note: The secondary source for all data on the California Genocide is Benjamin Madley, An American Genocide. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016. (BM2016) Used with author’s permission. Below is an alphabetical list of primary sources and the location or provenance of the digitized versions displayed in the Atlas.
A.J. Bledsoe, History of Del Norte County, California, with a Business Directory and Traveler’s Guide. Eureka, CA: Wyman, 1881. HathiTrust, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31175006828019?urlappend=%3Bseq=31
Anderson, Robert A. Fighting the Mill Creeks: Being a Personal Account of Campaigns against Indians of the Northern Sierras. Chico, CA: Chico Record Press, 1909.
Angel, Myron, ed. History of Placer County, California, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Oakland, CA: Thompson and West, 1882.
Anonymous, “A California Blood Stain.” Hutchings’ California Magazine 3, no. 3 (September 1858): 130-131.
Anonymous, “A Jaunt to Honey Lake Valley and Noble’s Pass.” Hutchings’ California Magazine 1, no. 12, June 1857: 532. HathiTrust, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b2982597?urlappend=%3Bseq=546
Anonymous, A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California, Illustrated. Chicago: Lewis Publishing, 1891, pp 133. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/memorialbiograph00lewi/page/n10/mode/2up
Ayres, Irvin. “Notes furnished by and concerning Irvin Ayres, Esq’re, to be digested and used by Mr. Hubert Howe Bancroft in preparing his history of the Pacific slope.” Bancroft Library, 1886.
Bancroft, Hubert H. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. 39 vols. Vol. 24. San Francisco: History Company, 1890, p 458. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015078226910?urlappend=%3Bseq=476
Barrett, S.A. “The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians.” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 6, no. 1 (February 1908).
Barry, William Jackson. Up and Down: Or, Fifty Years’ Colonial Experiences in Australia, California, New Zealand, India, China, and the South Pacific; Being the Life History of Capt. W.J. Barry. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1878.
Bates, D.B. Incidents on Land and Water, or Four years on the Pacific coast, Being a narrative of the burning of the ships Nonantum, Humayoon and Fanchon, together with many startling adventures on sea and land. Boston: J. French, 1857, 179.
Baumgardner, Frank H. Killing for Land in Early California: Indian Blood at Round Valley. New York: Algora, 2005, 116.
Beith, James. Letter July 25, 1863. Letterbook, 1854-1867. Bancroft Library, n.d., 201.
Bell in Nomland, Gladys Ayer. “Sinkyone Notes.” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36, no. 2 (December 31, 1935): 166-167.
BENNETT in Cal. 1850, People v. Smith, et al., 1 Cal. 9, 1850 WL
Benson, William Ralganal. “The Stone and Kelsey ‘Massacre’ on the Shores of Clear Lake in 1849: The Indian Viewpoint.” California Historical Society Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1932): 266–273, pp. 268.
Biaggi, John Jr. “Shelter Cover Scalping,” Mendoncino County Historical Society Newsletter 3, No. 1 (August 1964): 7-8.
Bigler, John. “John Bigler Papers, 1850–1869,” BANC MSS C-B 639: 3; Bancroft Library, n.d. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Bledsoe, A.J. Indian Wars of the Northwest: A California Sketch. San Francisco: Bacon, 1885, 207. Hathitrust, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hwhj4z?urlappend=%3Bseq=209
Bledsoe, Anthony Jennings. History of Del Norte County, California, with a Business Directory and Traveler’s Guide. Eureka, CA: Wyman, 1881, 32. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/historyofdelnort00bled/page/32
Bourke, John G. 1891. GENERAL CROOK IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY. Century Illustrated Magazine (1881-1906).
Bradford, Ward. Biographical Sketches of the Life of Major Ward Bradford, Old Pioneer: As Related by the Author, Who is Eighty-three Years of Age and Nearly Blind. N.p.: Self- published, 1893(?). Bancroft Library, Microfilm.
Brady, Cyrus. Northwestern Fights and Fighters. New York: McClure, 1907.
Brown, Millard. “Indians Wars in Trinity, 1858-1865.” Yearbook of the Trinity County Historical Society (1969): 38. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Bruff, J. Goldsborough. Gold Rush: The Journals, Drawings and Other Papers of J. Golds- borough Bruff. Edited by Georgia Willis Read and Ruth Gaines. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/goldrushjournals00bruf/page/465
Buck to Bradley, June 9, 1852, Franklin Augustus Buck Papers, Box 1, Huntington Library.
Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton. Discovery of the Yosemite and the Indian War of 1851 Which Led to That Event. Los Angeles: G.W. Gerlicher, 1911. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044024431355?urlappend=%3Bseq=173
Byrne, “Historical Sketch of Grass Valley,” in Bean, Edwin F. Bean’s History and Directory of Nevada County, California. Nevada, CA: Daily Gazette Book and Job Office, 1867. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101078191200?urlappend=%3Bseq=206
California. Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 to 1867. Compiled by Richard H. Orton. Sacramento: State Office, J.D. Young, Supt. State Printing, 1890. Bancroft Library.
Cameron in, Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton. Discovery of the Yosemite and the Indian War of 1851 Which Led to That Event. Los Angeles: G.W. Gerlicher, 1911.
Captain Nagle [Naglee] in Lyman, Chester S. Around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands and California, 1845–1850. Edited by Frederick J. Teggart. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1924, 244.
Carranco, Lynwood, and Estle Beard. Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.
Case, William M. “Notes By William M. Case. Supplementary to his ‘Reminiscences,’ published in the September Quarterly, Volume I, Number 3.” Edited by H.S. Lyman. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 2, no. 2 (June 1901).
Case, William M. “Reminiscences of Wm. M. Case.” Edited by H.S. Lyman. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 1, no. 3 (September 1900).
Caughey, John Walton. California. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1940, 384.
Chalfant, W.A. The Story of Inyo. Bishop, CA: Chalfant Press, 1933.
Chamberlain, Samuel. My Confession: Recollections of a Rogue. Austin: Texas State His- torical Association, 1996, 306-315.
Chase, Doris. They Pushed Back the Forest. Colfax, CA: Self-published, 1959, pp 44. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Christophe-Ernest De Massey and Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. A Frenchman in the gold rush; the journal of Ernest de Massey, Argonaut of. San Francisco, California Historical society, 1927. https://www.loc.gov/item/28004902/.
Church, Andrew S. “Memoirs of Andrew S. Church.” Quarterly of the Society of California Pioneers 3, no. 4 (December 1926): 189-192.
Collins, John. Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Colton, Walter. Three Years in California. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1851, 25.
Connor, John W. “Connor’s Early California: Statement of a few recollections on Early California.” Bancroft Library, 1878, 3.
Cook, S.F. “Expeditions to the Interior of California Central Valley, 1820–1840.” University of California Anthropological Records 20, no. 5 (February 1, 1962): 194-195. http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=20&journal=3&item=5
Coronel, Antonio Franco. Tales of Mexican California: Cosas de California. Translated by Diane de Avalle-Arce and edited by Doyce B. Nunis Jr. Santa Barbara, CA: Bellerophon Books, 1994, pp. 62. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Cox, Isaac. The Annals of Trinity County; Containing a history of the discovery, settlement and progress, together with a description of the resources and present condition of Trinity County. As also sketches of important events that have transpired therein from its set- tlement to the present time. San Francisco: Commercial Book and Job Steam Printing Establishment, 1858.
Crook, George. General George Crook: His Autobiography. Edited by Martin F. Schmitt. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1946.
Curtin, Jeremiah. Creation Myths of Primitive America in Relation to the Religious History and Mental Development of Mankind. London: Williams and Norgate, 1899.
Curtis, Edward S. The North American Indian: Being A Series of Volumes Picturing and Describing the Indians of the United States, the Dominion of Canada, and Alaska. Edited by Frederick Webb Hodge. Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press, 1924, Volume 14. Northwestern University Digital Library Collections, http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?id=nai.14.book.00000118&volume=14&showp=1&size=3#nai.14.book.00000118.
Daily Alta California newspaper (San Francisco). California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Delaney, Dan. “The Adventures of Captain Hi Good.” Northern Enterprise (Chico, CA), June 7, 1872. Bancroft Library.
Delavan, James. Notes on California and the Placers: How to Get There and What to Do Afterwards. New York: H. Long, 1850.
Dillon Deposition, February 27, 1860 in California, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Sacramento: Charles T. Botts, State Printer, 1860.
Dillon, Richard H. Texas Argonauts: Isaac H. Duval and the California Gold Rush. San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1987. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Doble, John. September 2, 1852 Entry, “Doble’s Diary, 1851-1854.” Bancroft Library.
Eberle Deposition, February 22, 1860 in California. Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Sacramento: Charles T. Botts, State Printer, 1860, 35.
Eccleston, Robert. The Mariposa Indian War, 1850–1851. Diaries of Robert Eccleston: The California Gold Rush, Yosemite, and the High Sierra. Edited by C. Gregory Crampton. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1957.
Fairfield, Asa Merrill. Fairfield’s Pioneer History of Lassen County, California . . . and Many Stories of Indian Warfare Never before Published. San Francisco: H.S. Crocker, 1916.
Foster to Gov, May 13, 1849, in Archives of California, Volume 63, Bancroft Library, n.d., 52.
Frémont, John Charles. Memoirs of My Life, By John Charles Frémont. Chicago: Belford, Clark, 1887. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$c17967?urlappend=%3Bseq=688
Geer, Knyphausen. “Captain Knyphausen Geer: His Life and Memoirs.” Bancroft Library, n.d. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Gibbs, August 23, 1851, journal entry, in Schoolcraft, Henry R. ed. Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge. 6 vols. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1860, 3:113-114.
Gihon, Thomas “An Incident of the Gold Bluff Excitement,” Overland Monthy and Out West Magazine, Volume 18, Issue 108, December 1891. Making of America Journal Articles, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/ahj1472.2-18.108/654
Gihon, Thomas. “An Incident of the Gold Bluff Excitement.” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 18, no. 108 (December 1891): 646–660. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858036876880
Gillis, Michael J., and Michael F. Magliari. John Bidwell and California: The Life and Writings of a Pioneer, 1841–1900. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2004, 272.Ropes in Esmeralda Star, July 30, 1863 in Bancroft Scraps, Bancroft Library, Vol 36, 116.
Gonzales-Day, Ken. Lynching in the West, 1850–1935. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.
Grabhorn, Jane Bissell, ed. A California Gold Rush Miscellany, Comprising: The Origi- nal Journal of Alexander Barrington, Nine Unpublished Letters from the Gold Mines, Reproductions of Early Maps and Towns from California Lithographs; Broadsides, & c., San Francisco: Grabhorn Press, 1934.
Green, Alfred A. “Life and Adventures of a 47-er of California,” pp 12. Microfilm Reel BANC MSS C-D 92-100, Bancroft Library, 1878. Scanned at Bancroft Library.
Guidon in DAC, August 28, 1864 (?) in Bancroft Scraps, Bancroft Library, Vol 36, 128.
Mis. Doc. 47, 35th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1859, serial 1016. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3984680
Hale, Augustin W. Diaries. Augustin W. Hale Papers, 1775–1909. Huntington Library, n.d., Diary 7, Folder 7, Box 6.
Hanson to Dole, August 18, 1862, in United States. Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the year 1862, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O, 1862. UWDC History Collection, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.AnnRep62
Hardcastle, A.B. Journal Entry, June 3, 1859, in “[Journal of a] March from Ft. Bridger, W.T., to Benicia, Calif., [and of an expedition against the Indians from] Ft. Humboldt to Yager Creek [and back with maps of the route].” In Cave Johnson Couts Papers, 1832–1951. Huntington Library, n.d..
Hastings Deposition, March 13, 1860 in California. Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Sacramento: Charles T. Botts, State Printer, 1860, 30.
Hayes, Benjamin, compiler. Hayes Scrapbooks. Bancroft Library.
Heizer, Robert F., ed. The Destruction of California Indians: A Collection of Documents from the Period 1847 to 1865 in Which Are Described Some of the Things That Happened to Some of the Indians of California. Santa Barbara, CA: Peregrine Smith, 1974.
Helper, Hinton R. The Land of Gold. Reality Versus Fiction. Baltimore: H. Taylor, 1855.
Henshaw, Joshua S. “Statement of Historical Events in California in early times after American occupation” Bancroft Library, 1878, 2.
Herman Altschule, “Exploring the Coast Range in 1850,” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 11, no. 63 (March 1888): 322. Making of America Journal Articles, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/ahj1472.2-11.063/328
Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California Vol. 6. San Francisco: The History Company Publishers, 1888.
Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 23. San Francisco: The History Company, Publishers, 1888.
Humboldt Times newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Hutchings California Magazine, February 1859. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021556124?urlappend=%3Bseq=390
Hutchings, James Mason. James Mason Hutchings Diary, 1848-1855. Bancroft Library, n.d.
Johnson, Theodore T. Sights in the Gold Region, and Scenes by the Way. 2nd ed. New York: Baker and Scribner, 1850.
Journal of the Fourth Session of the Legislature of the State of California, San Francisco: George Kerr, State Printer, (1853), Document 21, p. 3. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c004806910
Journal of the Senate of the State of California. Sacramento: John O’Meara, State-Printer, 1859. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31175032149802?urlappend=%3Bseq=673
Journal of the Third Session of the Legislature of the State of California. San Francisco: G.K. Fitch & Co., 1852. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c004807215
Journals of the Legislature of the State of California; at its Second Session (1851). Sacramento: Eugene Casserly, State Printer, 1851. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c004806877
Kelly, William. An Excursion to California over the Prairie, Rocky Mountains, and Great Sierra Nevada. 2 vols. Vol. 2. London: Chapman and Hall, 1851, Vol 2.
Kibbe, “Annual Report of the Quarter-Master and Adjutant General,” in California. Appendix to Assembly Journals for the Eighth Session of the Legislature of the State of California. Sacramento: James Allen, 1857.
Kibbe, William C. Report of the Expedition Against the Indians in the Northern Part of this State. Sacramento: C.T. Botts, 1860, Publications of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Reprints of Various Papers on California Archaeology, Ethnology and Indian History. University of California, Berkeley Library, http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=6&journal=6&item=15
Konnock summarized in Lienhard, Heinrich. A Pioneer at Sutter’s Fort, 1846–1850: The Adventures of Heinrich Lien- hard. Translated and edited by Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. Los Angeles: Calafía Society, 1941.
La Motte, H.D. “Statement of H.D. La Motte.” Bancroft Library, n.d..
Langworthy, Franklin. Scenery of the Plains, Mountains and Mines: Or A Diary Kept Upon the Overland Route to California, by way of the Great Salt Lake: Travels in the Cities, Mines, and Agricultural Districts—Embracing the return by the Pacific Ocean and Central America, In the Years 1850, ’51, ’52 and ’53. Ogdensburgh, NY: J.C. Sprague, 1855, 155.
Lawson Deposition, February 27, 1860 in California, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Sacramento: Charles T. Botts, State Printer, 1860.
Letts, J.M. California Illustrated: Including a Description of the Panama and Nicaragua Routes. New York: William Holdredge, 1852, 111.
Lord, April 13, 1850 journal entry in Lord, Israel Shipman Pelton. “At the Extremity of Civilization”: A Meticulously Descriptive Diary of an Illinois Physician’s Journey in 1849 along the Oregon Trail to the Gold- mines and Cholera of California, Thence in Two Years to Return by Boat Via Panama. Edited by Necia Dixon Liles. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1995.
Los Angeles Star newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Loud, Llewellyn L. “Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory.” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14, no. 3 (December 1918).
Lyman, Chester S. Around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands and California, 1845–1850. Edited by Frederick J. Teggart. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1924, 293.
Lyon to Canby, May 22, 1850, S. Exec. Doc. 1, Part 2, 31st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1850, serial 587, 81-83.
Manypenny, George W. Our Indian Wards. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1880, 154-155.
Martin, Oscar F. “Pioneer Sketches.—I. The Old Lassen Trail.” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 2, no. 7 (July 1883).
Martin, Thomas S. “Narrative of John C. Fremont’s Expedition to California in 1845-6 and subsequent events in Cal. down to 1853, including Fremont’s Exploring Exploration of 1848.” Bancroft Library, 1878.
Martin, Thomas Salathiel. With Fremont to California and the Southwest, 1845-1849. Ashland: Lewis Osborne, 1975, p. 8.
Marysville Daily Herald newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Mason, Jesse D. The History of Amador County, California, With Illustrations and Biograph- ical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Oakland, CA: Thompson and West, 1881.
Massey, Ernest de. “A Frenchman in the Gold Rush [Part III].” Translated by Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. California Historical Society Quarterly 5, no. 3 (September 1926): 229-231.
McGrath, Roger D. Gunfighters, Highwaymen, and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
McKanna, Clare V., Jr. Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2002.
McKee to Bigler April 5, 1852, in California, The Journal of the Senate during the Third Session, 1852, 712. HathiTrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c004807215?urlappend=%3Bseq=718
Meacham, A.B. Wi-ne-ma (The Woman-Chief) and Her People. Hartford, CT: American Publishing, 1876. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/winemwomanchiefa00meacrich/page/80
Menefee, C. A. Historical and descriptive sketch book of Napa, Sonoma, Lake, and Mendocino: comprising sketches of their topography, productions, history, scenery, and peculiar attractions. Napa City: Reporter Publishing House, 1873. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/historicaldescri01mene/page/23
Menefee, Eugene L., and Fred A. Dodge. History of Tulare and Kings Counties California with Biographical Sketches of the Leading Men and Women of the Counties Who Have Been Identified with Their Growth and Development From the Early Days to the Present. Los Angeles: Historic Record Company, 1913.
Moak, Sim. The Last of the Mill Creeks and Early Life in Northern California. Chico, CA: N.p., 1923.
Morse, Edwin Franklin. “The Story of a Gold Miner: Reminiscences of Edwin Franklin Morse.” California Historical Society Quarterly 6, no. 3 (September 1927).
Murray, Keith A. The Modocs and Their War. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959.
New York Times newspaper. Retrieved through ProQuest search.
Nora in, Nomland, Gladys Ayer. “Bear River Ethnography.” University of California Anthropological Records 2, no. 2 (March 17, 1938).
Northern California. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.
Norton, Jack. Genocide in Northwestern California: When Our Worlds Cried. San Fran- cisco: Indian Historian Press, 1979, 54-56.
Oroville Union newspaper. In Bancroft Scraps, Bancroft Library.
Palmer, L.L. History of Napa and Lake Counties, California . . . and Biographical Sketches of Early Settlers and Representative Men. 2 vols. San Francisco: Slocum, Bowen, 1881, Vol. 2. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/historyofnapalak00palm/page/62
Palmer, Lyman. History of Mendocino County, California . . . in which is embodied the raising of the Bear Flag. San Francisco: Alley, Bowen, 1880.
Pancoast, Charles Edward. A Quaker Forty-Niner: The Adventures of Charles Edward Pan- coast on the American Frontier. Edited by Anna Paschall Hannum. Philadelphia: Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1930.
Perkins, William. “El Campo de Los Sonoraenses or Three Years Residence in California, 1849-1852,” n.d.. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Perry, Elder J.A. Travels, Scenes and Sufferings in Cuba, Mexico, and California. Boston: Redding, 1853.
Phillips, George Harwood. Chiefs and Challengers: Indian Resistance and Cooperation in Southern California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975..
Pigman, Walter Griffith. The Journal of Walter Griffith Pigman. Edited by Ulla Stanley Flawks. Mexico, MO: Walter G. Stanley, 1942.
Placer Times newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Potter, Elijah Renshaw. “Reminiscences of the early history of northern California and of the Indian troubles.” Bancroft Library, n.d.
Quinn, Arthur. Hell with the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1997.
R.N. Woods in “Jenkins to Superintendent Beale,” January 13, 1853, in Senate Executive Document 57, 32 Congress, 2nd Session, 1853, Serial 665, page 10. HathiTrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3983603?urlappend=%3Bseq=668
Red Bluff Beacon newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Reed, Annette. “Neeyu Nn’ee min’ Nngheeyilh Naach’aaghitlhni: Lha’t’i Deeni Tr’vmdan’ Natlhsri—Rooted in the Land of Our Ancestors, We Are Strong: A Tolowa History.” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1999.
Revere, Joseph Warren. Album (1848–1870). Huntington Library, 1870.
Riddle, Jeff C. The Indian History of the Modoc War and the Causes that Led to It. San Francisco: Marnell, 1914.
Roberts, “Sketch of Rough and Ready Township,” in Bean, Edwin F. Bean’s History and Directory of Nevada County, California. Nevada, CA: Daily Gazette Book and Job Office, 1867.
Rogers to McDougal, December 10, 1851, in California State Assembly Journals 1852 Session, Office of the Chief Clerk, 430-431. https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/content/california-state-assembly-journals-1852-session?archive_type=journals
Ross, John E. “Narrative of an Indian Fighter.” Bancroft Library, 1882
Ryan, William Redmond. Personal Adventures in Upper and Lower California, in 1848–9; With the Author’s Experience at the Mines. 2 vols. London: William Shoberl, 1850.
Sacramento Daily Union newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Sacramento Transcript newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
San Bernardino Guardian newspaper. Bancroft Library.
Sauber, H.H. “True Tales of the Old West, XV.—Hi Good and the ‘Mill Creeks’.” Over- land Monthly and Out West Magazine 30, no. 176 (August 1897), 127. https://archive.org/details/overlandmonthly230sanfrich/page/126
Schoolcraft, Henry R. ed. Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge. 6 vols. Vol. 3, 157. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1860. HathiTrust Digital Library, https://hdl-handle-net.libproxy.berkeley.edu/2027/uc1.c099384198?urlappend=%3Bseq=225
Shannon Deposition, February 28, 1860 in California. Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Sacramento: Charles T. Botts, State Printer, 1860, 72.
Shasta Courier newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Shaw, William. Golden Dreams and Waking Realities: Being the Adventures of a Gold-Seeker in California and the Pacific Islands. London: Smith, Elder, 1851.
Sherman, Edwin A. “Sherman Was There: The Recollections of Major Edwin A. Sher- man (Continued) [Part III].” California Historical Society Quarterly 24, no. 1.
Simpson, William. Meeting the sun : a journey all round the world, through Egypt, China, Japan, and California : including an account of the marriage ceremonies of … London, 1874. Gale, http://galenet.gale.com.libproxy1.usc.edu/servlet/Sabin?dd=0&locID=usocal_main&d1=SABCP00114000&srchtp=a&c=1&an=SABCP00114000&d2=429&docNum=CY3801418926&d7=377&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=RN&d6=429&d3=4&ste=10&stp=Author&d4=0.33&d5=d6&ae=CY101418498
Smith, Esther Ruth. The History of Del Norte County, California: Including the Story of Its Pioneers with Many of Their Personal Narratives. Oakland, CA: Holmes Book, 1953.
Southern, May Hazel. Our Storied Landmarks, Shasta County, California. San Francisco: P. Balakshin Printing, ca. 1942.
Spalding to Parker, September 5, 1869, in United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1869. Washington. D.C.: G.P.O. [1869]. UWDC History Collection, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.AnnRep69
Stockton Times newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Strobridge, William F. Regulars in the Redwoods: The U.S. Army in Northern California, 1852–1861. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 1994.
Tassin, A.G. “Chronicles of Camp Wright. I.” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 10, no. 55 (July 1887).
Tassin, A.G. “Chronicles of Camp Wright.—II.” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 10, no. 56 (August 1887).
The Californian newspaper (San Francisco). California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
The Red Bluff Beacon newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Thompson, Erwin N. Modoc War: Its Military History and Topography. Sacramento, CA: Argus Books, 1971.
Thornton, Russell. “Social Organization and the Demographic Survival of the Tolowa.” Ethnohistory 31, no. 3 (Summer 1984.
Tinkham, George H. 1923. History of San Joaquin County, California: with biographical sketches of leading men and women of the county who have been identified with its growth and development from the early days to the present. Los Angeles, California: Historic Record Co. Retrieved from Internet Archive: <https://archive.org/details/historyofsanjoaq00tink/page/50>, page 51.
Tustin, William Isaac. “Recollections of Early Days in California.” Bancroft Library, 1880, 4-5.
United States Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the year 1862, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O, 1862, pp. 315. UWDC History Collection, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.AnnRep62
US War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 4 series, 130 vols. Series 1, vol. 50, pts 1 and 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897.
Vallejo to God, August 4, 1849, in Archives of California, Volume 63, Bancroft Library, n.d., 93.
Visalia Delta newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Walling, A.G. Illustrated History of Lane County, Oregon. Portland, OR: A.G. Walling, 1884, 238. Hathitrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081822359?urlappend=%3Bseq=294
Waterman, T.T. “The Yana Indians.” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13, no. 2 (February 27, 1918).
Weekly Butte Record newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Wells, Harry L. “The Modocs in 1851,” West Shore 10, No. 5, (May 1884), 133. Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene, Oregon, https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/2012260361/1884-05-01/ed-1/seq-9/
Wells, Harry L. History of Siskiyou County, California, Illustrated with Views of Residences, Business Buildings and Natural Scenery, and Containing Portraits and Biographies of its Leading Citizens and Pioneers. Oakland, CA: D.J. Stewart, 1881, pp. 128. HathiTrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89067383901?urlappend=%3Bseq=247
Wells, Harry L., and W.L. Chambers. The History of Butte County, California, in Two Volumes. 2 vols. San Francisco: Harry L. Wells, 1882.
Weston, S. Life in the Mountains, or, Four months in the Mines of California. Providence, RI: E.P. Weston, 1854.
Whiting to Taylor, October 10, 1868 in United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1868. Washington. D.C.: G.P.O. [1868], pp 126. UWDC History Collection, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.AnnRep68
Woodbridge, Bradford. “True Tales of the Old West: XIV—A Tragedy of Pit River.” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 29, no. 174 (June 1897).
Woods, Daniel B. Sixteen Months at the Gold Diggings. New York: Harper, 1851.
Wool to Thomas, April 11, 1855, S. Exec. Doc. 1, Part 2, 34th Cong., 1st and 2nd sessions, Serial 811. HathiTrust Digital Library, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3984593?urlappend=%3Bseq=129
Works Progress Administration. California: A Guide to the Golden State. New York: Hastings House, 1939. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/californiaguidet00federich/page/38
Wright, Elizabeth Cyrus. The Early Upper Napa Valley. Calistoga, CA: Napa County Historical Society, January 1928. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Young, Lucy, and Edith V.A. Murphey. “Out of the Past: A True Indian Story Told by Lucy Young, of Round Valley Indian Reservation to Edith V.A. Murphey.” California Historical Society Quarterly 20, no. 4 (December 1941): 349–364.
Yount, George C. George C. Yount and His Chronicles of the West, Comprising Extracts from His “Memoirs” and from the Orange Clark “Narrative.” Edited by Charles L. Camp. Denver, CO: Old West Publishing, 1966. Photographed at Bancroft Library.
Yreka Herald newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
Yreka Union newspaper. California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.